上周，國(guó)際頗有影響力的攝影獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)之一“2023年索尼世界攝影獎(jiǎng) (SWPA) ”揭曉，德國(guó)攝影師鮑里斯·埃爾達(dá)森 (Boris Eldagsen) 的一幅作品贏得了創(chuàng)意類別優(yōu)勝獎(jiǎng)。

然而，獲獎(jiǎng)攝影師卻公開(kāi)表示，這幅作品其實(shí)是由人工智能（AI）生成的，并拒絕接受該獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。此事受到外媒關(guān)注和網(wǎng)友熱議。

《衛(wèi)報(bào)》截圖：“攝影師承認(rèn)獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)掌鋵?shí)是AI生成的”

綜合BBC、《衛(wèi)報(bào)》等外媒報(bào)道，這幅黑白作品名為《虛妄記憶：電工》（PSEUDOMNESIA: The Electrician），畫面中有兩名不同年紀(jì)的女性，年長(zhǎng)的女人似乎從后面抓住了年輕女人的肩膀；年輕女人的胸前還有一只似乎是男性的手，看起來(lái)有些詭異。

The winner of a major photography award has refused his prize after revealing his work was created using AI.

German photographer Boris Eldagsen's entry, entitled Pseudomnesia: The Electrician, won the creative open category at last week's Sony World Photography Award.

The eerie black and white image shows two women from different generations—the older woman appearing to hang on to the younger woman from behind. Additionally, there is a seemingly male hand on the younger woman's chest.

獲獎(jiǎng)攝影師：這是一個(gè)歷史性時(shí)刻

憑借該作品獲獎(jiǎng)后，埃爾達(dá)格森在其個(gè)人網(wǎng)站和社交媒體上發(fā)布了一份聲明，稱這是一個(gè)歷史性的時(shí)刻（a historic moment），想借此引發(fā)人們對(duì)AI生成圖像（AI generated images）的討論。

“感謝你們選出我的作品，創(chuàng)造了這個(gè)歷史性的時(shí)刻，因?yàn)檫@是有史以來(lái)第一張由人工智能生成的照片在國(guó)際知名攝影比賽中獲獎(jiǎng)。你們中有多少人知道或曾懷疑它是AI生成的？它看起來(lái)有點(diǎn)不對(duì)勁，對(duì)吧？” 埃爾達(dá)格森在聲明中寫道。

Eldagsen said in a statement shared on his website that he had been a "cheeky monkey" in a bid to open up the conversation around artificially generated images.

"Thank you for selecting my image and making this a historic moment, as it is the first AI generated image to win in a prestigious (sic) international PHOTOGRAPHY competition. How many of you knew or suspected that it was AI generated? Something about this doesn't feel right, does it?"

他表示，“AI生成的圖像和攝影不該在這樣的比賽里競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，它們應(yīng)該屬于不同的類別。AI并非攝影。因此，我不會(huì)接受這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)?！彼€說(shuō)，自己“厚著臉皮（as a cheeky monkey）”提交了這幅作品，想試探攝影大賽是否“已經(jīng)做好了會(huì)有AI生成的影像報(bào)名參賽的準(zhǔn)備”，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他們并沒(méi)有。

He continued: "AI images and photography should not compete with each other in an award like this. They are different entities. AI is not photography. Therefore, I will not accept the award."

He said he applied "as a cheeky monkey" to find out if competitions "are prepared for AI images to enter. They are not."

“攝影界需要一次公開(kāi)的討論，探索究竟哪些能夠被視為攝影作品，哪些不能？攝影的范疇可以寬廣到包含AI圖像嗎？這會(huì)不會(huì)是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤？” 埃爾達(dá)格森在聲明中說(shuō)?！拔揖芙^接受獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)，希望由此加快這場(chǎng)辯論的發(fā)生?！?br class="sysbr">

“We, the photo world, need an open discussion,” said Eldagsen. “A discussion about what we want to consider photography and what not. Is the umbrella of photography large enough to invite AI images to enter – or would this be a mistake? With my refusal of the award, I hope to speed up this debate.”

另?yè)?jù)CNN報(bào)道，埃爾達(dá)格森在18日接受采訪時(shí)表示， “這件事表明，目前攝影界對(duì)AI創(chuàng)作的發(fā)展措手不及，你可以巧妙地用AI創(chuàng)造出看起來(lái)很像攝影作品的圖像，而不需要擁有攝影師的技能和專長(zhǎng)?！?/p>

Eldagsen told CNN Tuesday: "It shows that at the moment the photographic world has been taken by surprise after this development that subtly you can create images that look like photography but you don't need to have the skills and expertise of photographers."

然而，主辦方卻說(shuō)……

不過(guò)，對(duì)于埃爾達(dá)格森“大賽沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)備好應(yīng)對(duì)AI圖像”的指責(zé)，主辦方世界攝影組織（WPO）倒是持不同的說(shuō)法。

綜合BBC及CNN報(bào)道，世界攝影組織表示，在宣布埃爾達(dá)格森獲獎(jiǎng)之前，埃爾達(dá)格森已經(jīng)在通信中證實(shí)了這幅作品是他用人工智能“共同創(chuàng)作（co-creation）”的。

A spokesperson for the World Photography Organization, the photography strand of art events organizers Creo, said that during their discussions with the artist, before he was announced as the winner, he had confirmed the piece was a "co-creation" of his image using AI.

該組織稱，比賽的創(chuàng)意類別獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)允許各種實(shí)驗(yàn)性的圖像制作方法，包括氰基照相、射線照相以及前沿的數(shù)字技術(shù)實(shí)踐。在與埃爾達(dá)格森通信并得到他本人的保證之后，主辦方認(rèn)為他的參賽作品符合該類別的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因而支持他參賽。

由于埃爾達(dá)格森拒絕領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)，現(xiàn)已將他的作品從獲獎(jiǎng)名單和比賽網(wǎng)站上刪除。

The World Photography Organization, which runs the competition, told CNN in a statement Tuesday that, during the competition's exchanges with Eldagsen ahead of announcing him as a category winner on March 14, he had confirmed the "co-creation" of this image using AI.

"The creative category of the open competition welcomes various experimental approaches to image making from cyanotypes and rayographs to cutting-edge digital practices," organizers said.

"As such, following our correspondence with Boris [Eldagsen] and the warranties he provided, we felt that his entry fulfilled the criteria for this category, and we were supportive of his participation.”

They continued: "As he has now decided to decline his award, we have suspended our activities with him and in keeping with his wishes have removed him from the competition."

AI生成圖像技術(shù)日新月異

有人反對(duì)，有人說(shuō)……

AI生成圖像在比賽中獲獎(jiǎng)已經(jīng)不是第一次。據(jù)《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》報(bào)道，去年9月，在美國(guó)科羅拉多州博覽會(huì)的年度藝術(shù)大賽中，就有人用AI文字生成圖像工具生成的作品獲得了第一名。當(dāng)時(shí)立即引發(fā)藝術(shù)家們的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。

《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》去年9月報(bào)道截圖：“一張人工智能生成的圖片獲得了藝術(shù)獎(jiǎng)。藝術(shù)家們并不開(kāi)心。”

此外，今年2月，在澳大利亞電子產(chǎn)品零售商DigiDirect舉辦的攝影比賽中，也有人用AI作品奪得頭獎(jiǎng)。

《舊金山標(biāo)準(zhǔn)報(bào)》2月8日?qǐng)?bào)道截圖：“這幅沖浪場(chǎng)景贏得了攝影比賽——但它完全是假的”

前不久，天主教教皇方濟(jì)各（Pope Francis）身穿時(shí)尚羽絨服以及“特朗普被捕”的假照片在海外社交媒體瘋傳，又一次引起了人們對(duì)AI生成圖像高速發(fā)展的擔(dān)憂。

據(jù)哥倫比亞廣播公司 3月28日?qǐng)?bào)道，AI生成圖像“穿羽絨服的教皇”首次發(fā)布在國(guó)外問(wèn)答網(wǎng)站Reddit上，之后被網(wǎng)友瘋傳，收獲了數(shù)百萬(wàn)瀏覽量。

哥倫比亞廣播公司報(bào)道截圖

雖然細(xì)看圖片中有一些破綻，比如教皇拿著水瓶的左手看起來(lái)扭曲了，皮膚表面看起來(lái)過(guò)于銳利等等，但很多網(wǎng)友當(dāng)時(shí)都被騙了，以為是真的。

The "pope in the puffer jacket" was just the latest in a series of "deepfake" images created with AI software.

While there are some inconsistencies in the final rendered images — for example, the pope's left hand where it is holding a water bottle looks distorted and his skin has an overly sharp appearance — many people online were fooled into thinking they were real pictures.

此外，美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)特朗普被捕的假照片也“糊弄”過(guò)一波人。

當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間2023年3月23日，美國(guó)弗吉尼亞州，用戶艾略特·希金斯(Eliot Higgins)使用人工智能創(chuàng)建的圖像顯示特朗普遭到逮捕，類似的合成圖片在社交平臺(tái)上流傳。圖源：視覺(jué)中國(guó)

盡管當(dāng)時(shí)創(chuàng)作者明確表示，這些圖片是他為了練習(xí)AI生成圖像工具而制作的，但加上特朗普即將被捕的謠言，這些圖片迅速傳播開(kāi)來(lái)。報(bào)道指出，“這制造了一種完全欺騙性的、且具有潛在危險(xiǎn)性的敘事（an entirely fraudulent but potentially dangerous narrative）?！?/p>

Another recent example was pictures of former US president Donald Trump that appeared to show him in police custody. Although the creator made it clear that they were produced as an exercise in the use of AI, the images, combined with rumors of Trump's imminent arrest, went viral and created an entirely fraudulent but potentially dangerous narrative.

BBC高級(jí)科技記者克里斯·瓦蘭斯（Chris Vallance）撰文表示， AI生成圖像技術(shù)的能力越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大，“攝影師和藝術(shù)家們以前可以通過(guò)指出AI生成圖像中的缺陷來(lái)安慰自己——比如AI總是畫不好手——現(xiàn)在卻發(fā)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)變得越來(lái)越難以被發(fā)現(xiàn)。”

《華盛頓郵報(bào)》3月26日?qǐng)?bào)道：“人工智能現(xiàn)在會(huì)畫手了。這對(duì)深度偽造（人體圖像合成技術(shù)）來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)壞消息?！?/p>

瓦蘭斯稱，如今，許多藝術(shù)家和攝影師指責(zé)AI生成圖像不公平地“剽竊”數(shù)十萬(wàn)人類創(chuàng)作者的作品。但也有人認(rèn)為，AI只不過(guò)是另一種工具，也許是一種新的藝術(shù)類別。他們指出，攝影本身曾經(jīng)就是一項(xiàng)新的、對(duì)某些人來(lái)說(shuō)是具有威脅性的發(fā)明。

不過(guò)，他認(rèn)為，目前許多圍繞AI生成圖像最基本的問(wèn)題仍未解決，比如版權(quán)問(wèn)題。

“Many artists and photographers accuse AI systems of unfairly exploiting the works of hundreds of thousands of human creators on which the systems are trained - some have even launched legal action. But others simply regard AI as just another tool, a new category of art perhaps, but no less valuable. Photography itself was once a new and, to some, threatening invention they point out.”

But a host of very basic issues remain unclear, including who owns the copyright for an AI image.

而這次憑借AI作品贏得攝影大獎(jiǎng)的埃爾達(dá)森則認(rèn)為，AI生成圖像不會(huì)威脅人類的創(chuàng)造力，但會(huì)威脅“新聞攝影（photojournalism）”。他在《衛(wèi)報(bào)》采訪中表示，應(yīng)該創(chuàng)造一種機(jī)制，標(biāo)明新聞圖像哪些為“真實(shí)的、經(jīng)過(guò)處理的或生成的（authentic, manipulated or generated）”。

他還建議，為了區(qū)分?jǐn)z影（photography）和AI生成圖像，應(yīng)該給后者起個(gè)名字—— “promptography（提示詞攝影）”，因?yàn)锳I生成圖像是人們通過(guò)在AI工具中輸入提示詞（prompt）來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。

你怎么看AI生成圖像的發(fā)展？留言說(shuō)說(shuō)吧！

綜合來(lái)源：BBC CNN 衛(wèi)報(bào) 哥倫比亞廣播公司 華盛頓郵報(bào) 揚(yáng)子晚報(bào)等