Co-Working Office / APPAREIL. Image ? José Hevia
空間心理學(xué)：室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)如何影響人們的行為？
Psychology of Space: How Interiors Impact our Behavior?
由專筑網(wǎng)邢子，小R編譯
我們一生大部分的時(shí)間都在室內(nèi)度過，所以我們所處的空間對(duì)我們的心理行為起著重要作用。實(shí)際上，環(huán)境心理學(xué)或空間心理學(xué)是人與所居住的空間之間的相互作用。照明、顏色、配置、比例、聲音和材料等賦予了每個(gè)人不同的感覺，并產(chǎn)生了一系列的影響和實(shí)踐。
從產(chǎn)生溫暖和安全感，到定義幸福感，或創(chuàng)造積極有效的工作環(huán)境，空間可以對(duì)我們的行為方式或感覺產(chǎn)生很大影響。因此，應(yīng)根據(jù)居住者的社會(huì)和心理需要考慮室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)和創(chuàng)意。
With most of our lives spent indoors, the space we occupy has a major role in our psychological behavior. Environmental psychology or Space psychology is, in fact, the interaction between people and the spaces they inhabit. Lighting, colors, configuration, scale, proportions, acoustics, and materials address the senses of the individual and generate a spectrum of feelings and practices.
From inducing warmth and safety, defining well-being, or creating a positive and efficient working environment, space can have a whole lot of impact on how we act or on what we feel; therefore, design and creative measures should be considered according to the social and psychological needs of the occupants.

Kiss Kiss Bank Bank's HQ / Agence Vincent & Gloria Architectes. Image ? Arnaud Schelstraete
圣地亞哥大學(xué)新校區(qū)建筑與設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院的專家教授Dave Alan Kopec認(rèn)為，空間心理學(xué)實(shí)際上是“在已建成的自然環(huán)境中研究人類的關(guān)系和行為”。通過大腦的特殊部分對(duì)所處空間的幾何形狀做出反應(yīng)，直接影響人們的潛意識(shí)，促進(jìn)情緒和感知。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)已成為人們心理的固有組成部分，盡管這不是唯一的因素，但內(nèi)部空間具有重大意義，且建筑師有責(zé)任為用戶提供更好的設(shè)計(jì)方案，并將這些心理學(xué)要素納入其中。
Psychology of space is in fact “the study of human relations and behaviors within the context of the built and natural environments” according to Dave Alan Kopec, a specialist in the field and professor at the New School of Architecture and Design in San Diego. Having a direct impact on your subconscious, contributing to your emotions and perceptions, through that special part of your brain that reacts to the geometry of the space you occupy, interior design became an inherent part of people’s psychology. Though it is not the only factor involved, interior space has big implications, and it is the architect’s responsibility to shape tangible solutions for users and incorporate these ideas into the structure.

Concrete House / BAK Arquitectos. Image ? Daniela Mac Adden
在過去的幾十年中，隨著功能設(shè)計(jì)的興起，空間僅是其所提供內(nèi)容的反映。在這個(gè)面向消費(fèi)的社會(huì)里，人們被放在“盒子“中，從事著生產(chǎn)、生活活動(dòng)。而實(shí)際上，隨著工業(yè)革命，人們涌入了原本沒有”裝備“的城市，擁擠的社會(huì)雛形就開始了。常規(guī)的住房被設(shè)計(jì)為可以容納更多的居民，房屋和工作都面向快節(jié)奏的生產(chǎn)，而后續(xù)就出現(xiàn)了人們對(duì)空間及其背后的心理效應(yīng)的應(yīng)用。
With the rise of functionality in the last decades, space became a mere reflection of the program it holds. People were stacked in boxes to produce and feed into a consumer-oriented society. In fact, this idea of just cramming individuals in any place started as the industrial revolution brought flux of people into non-equipped cities. The regular house plan was divided to accommodate as many newcomers as it could retain. Homes and jobs were oriented towards fast-paced-production. Usage of space and the psychological understanding behind it came later on in the future.

McAllen Main Library / MSR Design. Image ? Lara Swimmer
追溯到近代，諾丁漢大學(xué)建筑與建筑環(huán)境系建筑師兼副教授Sergio Altomonte在《獨(dú)立報(bào)》上發(fā)表了一篇文章，在探討圖書館的新設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)指出，“建筑物和城市空間首先要圍繞住戶進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。如今，建筑作為影響身體、生理和心理健康的因素，探討其重要性具有重大的意義”。
Back to our modern times, in an article published in the Independent tackling the new designs of libraries, Dr. Sergio Altomonte, architect and associate professor in the department of architecture and built environment at the Nottingham university specified that “buildings and urban spaces should be designed first and foremost around their occupants. The importance of architecture as a trigger to physical, physiological and psychological wellbeing is nowadays becoming a topic of significant relevance.”

Together Hostel / Cao Pu Studio. Image ? Zhang Zheming
環(huán)境心理學(xué)家和室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師Migette Kaup說：“建筑學(xué)的邏輯可以增強(qiáng)我們希望看到的特定場(chǎng)所類型的行為?！睋Q句話說，建筑是物理手段。建筑師需要注意的關(guān)鍵因素包括安全性、社交聯(lián)系性、活動(dòng)便利性和感官刺激，更具體的措施包括光線、色彩、藝術(shù)品、通風(fēng)等。例如，一些諸如平衡、比例、對(duì)稱和節(jié)奏等設(shè)計(jì)原則可以引入和諧感。另一方面，顏色背后有一個(gè)非常簡(jiǎn)單的邏輯，即顏色越暖，空間就越緊湊，同時(shí)還可以喚起舒適感或促進(jìn)溝通。光的設(shè)計(jì)在很大程度上取決于功能，昏暗的燈光暗示著陰暗的空間，而明亮的燈光則定義了更廣闊的觀感，自然光有助于生產(chǎn)和身體恢復(fù)。
“Architectural cues can provide reinforcement to the desired behaviors that we would like to see enacted in specific place types,” says environmental psychologist and interior designer Migette Kaup. In other words, architecture is the physical mean. While key factors, that architects need to pay attention to, include safety, social connectedness, ease of movement, and sensory stimulation; more concrete measures encompass light, colors, art, ventilation, etc. For example, some principles of design comprising balance, proportion, symmetry, and rhythm can introduce a sense of harmony. Colors, on the other hand, have a very simple logic behind them, the warmer the color is, the more compact space becomes. They can also evoke feelings of comfort or stimulate communication. Light depends greatly on the function. A dim light suggests a gloomy space while a bright light defines a bigger animated appearance. Natural light stimulates production and recovery.

Party Apartment / Nghiêm Phong + ?ào Thành. Image ? Quang Tran
有些空間增加了人們的焦慮感，而另一些空間則讓人產(chǎn)生了寧靜的感受，但人們似乎并不知道其中的原因。實(shí)際上，環(huán)境心理學(xué)并非總是有特定的套路，而更多地是關(guān)注研究人們與周圍環(huán)境的相互作用。對(duì)此，馬薩諸塞州米德伯勒市Massasoit社區(qū)學(xué)院的環(huán)境心理學(xué)教授Irving Weiner表示：“有一些我們看不見或無法觸及的環(huán)境，卻對(duì)我們的行為或情緒有著直接影響?！睂?shí)際上，這些因素并不容易被辨別。
While some spaces add up to your anxiety, others provoke a sense of serenity, and you can’t seem to know why. In fact, not always evidence-based, environmental psychology focuses more on research, and on people’s interactions with their surroundings. On that, Irving Weiner, AIA, an environmental psychology professor at Massasoit Community College in Middleborough, Mass states that “some of these environmental influences we cannot see or touch, yet they have a direct influence on our behavior or mood.” Bottom line, the factors are not easily discernable.

Sursock Apartment / platau. Image ? Wissam Chaaya
在設(shè)計(jì)過程中如果考慮到空間心理學(xué)，可以提高商業(yè)項(xiàng)目的生產(chǎn)率，提高零售企業(yè)的銷售額，并加快醫(yī)療產(chǎn)業(yè)的治愈速度。然而，由于缺乏明確的指導(dǎo)方針，心理學(xué)對(duì)空間的設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)換仍然不夠明晰。所以，這在很大程度上取決于設(shè)計(jì)師的敏感性、創(chuàng)造力和對(duì)研究的理解?？的螤柎髮W(xué)設(shè)計(jì)與環(huán)境分析系教授Alan Hedge表示：“問題的一部分原因是，該領(lǐng)域的許多工作都需要關(guān)注心理學(xué)或行為學(xué)，并且這些也很難簡(jiǎn)單地轉(zhuǎn)化為具體的設(shè)計(jì)建議。”
Taken into account in the design process, space psychology can lead to better productivity in commercial projects, bigger sales in retail ventures, and accelerated recovery in healthcare developments. Nevertheless, with the absence of explicit guidelines, the translation into architecture is still unclear. It will highly depend on the designer’s sensitivity, creativity, and understanding of the research. “Part of the problem is that much of the work in the field is very psychological [or] behavioral, and it doesn’t easily translate into specific design recommendations,” says Alan Hedge, a professor at Cornell University’s Department of Design and Environmental Analysis.

House in Mantiqueira / Una Arquitetos. Image ? Nelson Kon
歸根結(jié)底，設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的概念，而居住在這些空間中的人也是如此。 “建筑重要嗎？當(dāng)然。但它可以使人們免受周圍政治環(huán)境的影響嗎？不?！被始宜囆g(shù)學(xué)院建筑學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)Adrian Lahoud如是說。
At the end of the day, design is quite complex, and so are the individuals inhabiting these spaces. “Does architecture matter? Absolutely. Can it insulate people from the political circumstances around them? No” affirms Adrian Lahoud, Dean of the school of architecture at the Royal College of Art.

Brackenbury House / Neil Dusheiko Architects. Image ? Tim Crocker

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